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Cottage Life

Flood watch issued for sections of Lake Erie

Flooding is normally a spring occurrence. But this fall, as the weather cools, Lake Erie residents may have to get the sandbags out.

Since the start of September, three separate conservation authorities have issued shoreline conditions statements for Lake Erie. A shoreline conditions statement is an early notice sent out by conservation authorities indicating that weather and lake conditions could lead to potential flooding.

The three conservation authorities concerned include the Lower Thames Valley Conservation Authority, which covers the Chatham-Kent area; Long Point Region Conservation Authority, which covers Norfolk County; and Grand River Conservation Authority, which covers Haldimand County.

According to the Lower Thames Valley Conservation Authority, average daily water levels on Lake Erie are sitting around 174.52 metres. This is actually down compared to the last several years—September water levels peaked in 2019 at 174.87 metres. But Lake Erie’s water levels are still 33 centimetres above the average water level for September.

While there’s been no significant flooding reported, the Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources, and Forestry (MNRF) warns that elevated water levels can result in shoreline flooding, beach submersion, crawl space and septic system inundation, and wave-driven erosion along Lake Erie’s shoreline.

Without snow melt, the biggest factor in fall flooding is the weather, particularly precipitation and strong winds. Excess rain can cause the water levels to continue rising, and strong winds generate waves that batter the shoreline, eroding unprotected areas.

“The bluff areas all along the Lake Erie shoreline are…at a greater risk of erosion due to the high lake levels, especially when there are onshore winds and waves,” says the Lower Thames Valley Conservation Authority in a statement. “The erosion can cause the bluffs to fail, and there have been times over the last few years when many metres of land have fallen into the lake all at one time.”

Under current conditions, severe flooding and erosion would only happen if there were gale force winds, says the Lower Thames Valley Conservation Authority. It is, however, warning residents to be cautious around Erie Shore Drive as sustained winds of 35 km/h travelling from a southwest to southeast direction could flood the area.

If a flooding event occurs on your property and you’re stuck indoors, the MNRF says the first thing you should do is ensure all important personal items, such as medication and passports, are secured. Then disconnect all electrical appliances, and ensure your phone is charged.

If you’re caught outdoors during a flooding event, move to higher ground, don’t drive through moving water or on roads that travel near the body of water, such as bridges or embankments, and keep children and pets away from floodwaters.

Finally, contact your local municipality to let them know about the flooding.

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Cottage Life

Here’s what you need to know about the toxic algal bloom forecasted for Lake Erie

Lake Erie may experience a slight relief this summer as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)—the U.S. government body in charge of weather forecasts and climate monitoring—predicts that the Great Lake will experience a below-average harmful algal bloom.

This year’s bloom is expected to measure at a 3.5 on the harmful algal bloom severity index. The index ranges from one to 10 and is based on the bloom’s biomass—or amount of algae—during the bloom’s peak 30 days. Numbers under three indicate a relatively small bloom, while numbers over five indicate a severe bloom, and numbers over seven indicate a very severe bloom with extensive lake coverage.

This year’s 3.5 isn’t guaranteed, though. Depending on weather conditions, the number could be bumped up. Last year, the NOAA predicted a severity index of three for Lake Erie and the bloom eventually reached a severity index of six. Lake Erie has grappled with harmful algal blooms for the past 14 years with the largest blooms occurring in 2011, at a 10, and in 2015, at a 10.5.

What makes these blue-green algal blooms so harmful is their potential to produce microcystin, a liver toxin that, if ingested, can cause sickness in humans—and even death in extreme cases—as well as kill fish, birds, and mammals. Not all algal blooms produce this toxin, but scientists have yet to create an accurate method for predicting bloom toxicity as it isn’t dependent on bloom size.

Toxic blooms have been known to contaminate drinking water. In August 2014, half a million people in Toledo, Ohio were unable to drink, cook, or brush their teeth with tap water due to a harmful algal bloom growing in Lake Erie. The blooms also impact Lake Erie’s fishing and tourism economies, which generate an estimated $65 million, annually.

Even if a bloom doesn’t produce microcystin, it can still cause problems, such as sucking the oxygen out of the water, clogging the gills of fish, and smothering other aquatic vegetation.

So far, this year’s algal bloom is contained in Lake Erie’s western basin, near Toledo. The NOAA says the bloom should stay there, leaving the northern and eastern basins touching Ontario unaffected. “Although, localized blooms may occur around some of the rivers after summer rainstorms,” the NOAA added.

Scientists have figured out a few factors that contribute to algae growth, but have yet to determine how these factors interact to create the algae.

“With ten years of experience with forecasts we understand more about the blooms, including evidence that big river discharge events in mid-summer may matter more than we thought,” said Richard Stumpf, NOAA’s lead scientist on the seasonal Lake Erie bloom forecast, in a statement.

These discharge events sweep nutrients from agricultural runoff, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, into the lake. “Recent research has found that a long-term increase in the frequency of heavy rainfall events due to climate change may be causing more runoff during spring and summer months because the soil has less time to absorb the rain,” the NOAA said.

In addition to nutrient runoffs, algal blooms seem to thrive when water is slow-moving, temperatures are warm, and there’s lots of sunlight. The NOAA said it’s too early to predict how long this bloom will last as it will depend on the frequency of wind events in September.

Currently, there’s no way to clean up algal blooms, so it’s best to avoid them. If you are swimming in an affected body of water, look for dead fish in or near the water and the appearance of blue or green spilled paint on the surface of the water as an indication of a bloom.

The NOAA will release an updated forecast on the Lake Erie algal bloom based on rainfall data in late July.

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Cottage Life

What we’ve learned from clean-up success on the Great Lakes

The Great Lakes cover nearly 95,000 square miles (250,000 square kilometers) and hold over 20% of Earth’s surface fresh water. More than 30 million people in the U.S. and Canada rely on them for drinking water. The lakes support a multibillion-dollar maritime economy, and the lands around them provided many of the raw materials—timber, coal, iron —that fueled the Midwest’s emergence as an industrial heartland.

Despite their enormous importance, the lakes were degraded for well over a century as industry and development expanded around them. By the 1960s, rivers like the Cuyahoga, Buffalo, and Chicago were so polluted that they were catching fire. In 1965, Maclean’s magazine called Lake Erie, the smallest and shallowest Great Lake, “an odorous, slime-covered graveyard” that “may have already passed the point of no return.” Lake Ontario wasn’t far behind.

In 1972, the U.S. and Canada signed the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, a landmark pact to clean up the Great Lakes. Now, 50 years later, they have made progress, but there are new challenges and much unfinished business.

I study the environment and have written four books on U.S.-Canadian management of their shared border waters. In my view, the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement was a watershed moment for environmental protection and an international model for regulating transboundary pollution. But I believe the people of the U.S. and Canada failed the Great Lakes by becoming complacent too soon after the pact’s early success.

Map of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Basin
The Great Lakes-St Lawrence River Basin spans nearly half of North America, from northern Minnesota to New England.
International Joint Commission

Starting with phosphates

A major step in Canada-U.S. joint management of the Great Lakes came in 1909 when they signed the Boundary Waters Treaty. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement built on this foundation by creating a framework to allow the two countries to cooperatively restore and protect these border waters.

However, as an executive agreement, rather than a formal government-to-government treaty, the pact has no legal mechanisms for enforcement. Instead, it relies on the U.S. and Canada to fulfill their commitments. The International Joint Commission, an agency created under the Boundary Waters Treaty, carries out the agreement and tracks progress toward its goals.

The agreement set common targets for controlling a variety of pollutants in Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and the upper St. Lawrence River, which were the most polluted section of the Great Lakes system. One key aim was to reduce nutrient pollution, especially phosphates from detergents and sewage. These chemicals fueled huge blooms of algae that then died and decomposed, depleting oxygen in the water.

Like national water pollution laws enacted at the time, these efforts focused on point sources—pollutants released from discreet, readily identifiable points, such as discharge pipes or wells.

Diagram of the Great Lakes and connecting water bodies in profile.
This profile view of the Great Lakes shows that Lake Erie is much shallower than the other lakes. As a result, its waters warm faster and are more vulnerable to algal blooms.
NOAA, CC BY-ND

Early results were encouraging. Both governments invested in new sewage treatment facilities and convinced manufacturers to reduce phosphate loads in detergents and soaps. But as phosphorus levels in the lakes declined, scientists soon detected other problems.

Which Great Lake are you?

Toxic contaminants

In 1973, scientists reported a perplexing find in fish from Lake Ontario: mirex, a highly toxic organochloride pesticide used mainly to kill ants in the southeast U.S. An investigation revealed that the Hooker Chemical company was discharging mirex from its plant in Niagara Falls, New York. The contamination was so severe that New York State banned eating popular types of fish such as coho salmon and lake trout from Lake Ontario from 1976 to 1978, shutting down commercial and sport fishing in the lake.

In response to this and other findings, the U.S. and Canada updated the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement in 1978 to cover all five lakes and focus on chemicals and toxic substances. This version formally adopted an ecosystem approach to pollution control that considered interactions between water, air and land—perhaps the first international agreement to do so.

A tour of the Great Lakes and the nature in and around them.

In 1987, the two countries identified the most toxic hot spots around the lakes and adopted action plans to clean them up. However, as scholars of North American environmental regulations acknowledge, both nations too often allowed industries to police themselves.

Since the 1990s, studies have identified toxic pollutants including PCBs, DDT, and chlordane in and around the Great Lakes, as well as lead, copper, arsenic, and others. Some of these chemicals continued to show up because they were persistent and took a long time to break down. Others were banned but leached from contaminated sites and sediments. Still others came from a range of point and nonpoint sources, including many industrial sites concentrated on shorelines.

Many hazardous sites have been slowly cleaned up. However, toxic pollution in the Great Lakes remains a colossal problem that is largely unappreciated by the public, since these substances don’t always make the water look or smell foul. Numerous fish advisories are still in effect across the region because of chemical contamination. Industries constantly bring new chemicals to market, and regulations lag far behind.

Nonpoint sources

Another major challenge is nonpoint source pollution—discharges that come from many diffuse sources, such as runoff from farm fields.

Nitrogen levels in the lakes have risen significantly because of agriculture. Like phosphorus, nitrogen is a nutrient that causes large blooms of algae in fresh water; it is one of the main ingredients in fertilizer, and is also found in human and animal waste. Sewage overflows from cities and waste and manure runoff from industrial agriculture carry heavy loads of nitrogen into the lakes.

As a result, algal blooms have returned to Lake Erie. In 2014, toxins in one of those blooms forced officials in Toledo, Ohio, to shut off the public water supply for half a million people.

One way to address nonpoint source pollution is to set an overall limit for releases of the problem pollutant into local water bodies and then work to bring discharges down to that level. These measures, known as Total Maximum Daily Loads, have been applied or are in development for parts of the Great Lakes basin, including western Lake Erie.

But this strategy relies on states, along with voluntary steps by farmers, to curb pollution releases. Some Midwesterners would prefer a regional approach like the strategy for Chesapeake Bay, where states asked the U.S. government to write a sweeping federal TMDL for key pollutants for the bay’s entire watershed.

In 2019, Toledo voters adopted a Lake Erie Bill of Rights that would have permitted citizens to sue when Lake Erie was being polluted. Farmers challenged the measure in court, and it was declared unconstitutional.

Warming and flooding

Climate change is now complicating Great Lakes cleanup efforts. Warmer water can affect oxygen concentrations, nutrient cycling and food webs in the lakes, potentially intensifying problems and converting nuisances into major challenges.

How will the Great Lakes region be affected by climate change?

Flooding driven by climate change threatens to contaminate public water supplies around the lakes. Record-high water levels are eroding shorelines and wrecking infrastructure. And new problems are emerging, including microplastic pollution and “forever chemicals” such as PFAS and PFOA.

It will be challenging for the U.S. and Canada to make progress on this complex set of problems. Key steps include prioritizing and funding cleanup of toxic zones, finding ways to halt agricultural runoff and building new sewer and stormwater infrastructure. If the two countries can muster the will to aggressively tackle pollution problems, as they did with phosphates in the 1970s, the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement gives them a framework for action.The Conversation

Daniel Macfarlane is an associate professor of Environment and Sustainability, Western Michigan University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

10 breathtaking beach towns on the Great Lakes

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Cottage Life

The definitive ranking of the Great Lakes (according to Donovan Woods)

Every April, Canadian singer-songwriter Donovan Woods releases a ranking of the Great Lakes on Twitter, as he has for the last several years.

Needless to say, when the rankings are released, people have thoughts. Cottagers and non-cottagers alike stumble over actually-no-you’re-wrongs faster than their fingers can fly across the keyboard. It could be because there isn’t much movement on the ranking from year to year (Lake Erie lovers, you’re in for a tough go), or that personal bias is so strong. I mean, who is this guy to rank the Great Lakes anyway?

 

Perhaps what adds to the mystique of this controversial list is that once it’s posted, Donovan is mum on the subject. You won’t find him defending his choices against replies desperately seeking explanation or fielding polite questions about his process. But that doesn’t mean he doesn’t have his reasons or that he hasn’t thoroughly thought his decision through. And while he won’t reply on Twitter, he would talk to us. We sat down with Donovan to find out why he ranks the lakes as he does and, more importantly, what does he have against Lake Erie?

**

Alysha Vandertogt (AV): So, tell me—how did you start doing this? What inspired you to start ranking the Great Lakes?

Donovan Woods (DW): Well, my parents’ front yard is on Lake Huron, I’m from Sarnia, Ont. I’m partial to all the lakes, but I did grow up on Lake Huron. I try to keep my own personal bias out of my ranking, although I do think Lake Huron is the best by a long shot. But I’ve just always loved the lakes, I love ’em! My friends and I have always loved them.

We like to argue about the rankings of things. You know, what are the top five dinosaurs or the most classic farm animals. They really are quite interesting arguments. The number one farm animal is obviously cow. But then there are people who want duck in there, people who want sheep in there. There’s really not a lot of room for that, all of these things can become contentious.

AV: I was going to ask you about whether or not your upbringing and Sarnia might have influenced the rankings.

DW: Listen, I’ve swam in all of the Great Lakes. I don’t have any real training in the field, but I feel like I’m as good as anybody to judge them.

I’ll tell you, the first time I posted a ranking, I was so surprised by how contentious it was. People were very, very angry.

AV: I was looking back at tweets from years previous, and you even had a tweet in there about how you didn’t expect to have to block people as a result of ranking the Great Lakes.

DW: Yeah, exactly!

AV: How did you feel when people got so fired up? People were in your replies, they’re quote tweeting you. People are taking this really seriously.

DW: To me, that’s the funniest part. You can become an authority on something just by saying you are. My favourite part is when the tweet reaches a certain level of popularity—and it has all three years—somebody eventually goes, ‘Who is this person, never heard of him.’ And when you start getting those tweets, that’s when you know it’s going good, things are heating up.

Everybody says, ‘How could Superior not be number one with the name,’ but I would hazard a guess that the name Superior has something more to do with how it’s the highest and the furthest west. But I try not to get into the weeds with people on that. Anybody who has been to Lake Superior knows it’s beautiful, of course, but it’s not very useful. It’s really cold all the time.

People’s opinions are interesting, but, at times, sad. It’s sad that people would think that Lake Erie deserves to be number one. Anybody who knows anything knows it’s not true.

Ontario has an argument, to a certain degree. If you’ve ever been to the Sandbanks beaches, it’s beautiful around there. And a lot of Canadians have a bias against Lake Michigan because it has an American-centric name, but Lake Michigan is just gorgeous. Very Lake Huron-like. Some people want to make the argument that they’re the same body of water technically, I don’t go in for that.

AV: I think when people think Lake Ontario they think of what Lake Ontario is right around Toronto or Hamilton.

DW: Justifiably. But that’s not fair to the lake, there’s a whole top area that’s much better than those areas.

I try not to argue too much. People have their passionate beliefs, but they are wrong. By and large, my ranking is correct. I would die on the hill for it.

AV: You’ve mentioned before that you don’t really like to explain why you’ve put certain lakes over others. Is there a particular reason for that, or you don’t necessarily want to get into it with people, given the amount of people that reply to the tweet.

DW: I don’t think it’s very constructive. I don’t feel any need to defend it because it’s just one person’s opinion. All year long, I’m thinking about the Great Lakes, their movement, what’s going on. Maybe something will happen eventually that would change the ranking, but I don’t know what it is. I just put the list up and that’s it, that’s my duty done.

AV: Earlier you talked about swimming conditions. What is it that you take into account that makes the ranking the way that it is?

DW: This is tricky. This is stuff that I don’t love to get into, but I do think it’s a general sense of the usefulness of the lake. Beauty is a really important part of the equation. In general, it’s an ineffable quality that is in the zeitgeist. This year, for example, Lake Michigan featured heavily in the show Station 11, where it has a sort of mythic quality. That almost put it into a more prominent position, but in the end it didn’t feel right. It still felt like it had to be Huron, Superior, Michigan.

AV: One of your tweets from a previous year said that Lake Erie was last, by a lot. Not that I’m a Lake Erie apologist, but what is it about Lake Erie that has it so firmly in last place?

DW: I’m not particularly fond of any of the cities on Lake Erie, I have found the swimming to be lacklustre, I’m not fond of that part of Ontario.

AV: Have your feelings about a particular lake changed since since you started doing the rankings?

DW: It’s possible that a decade ago, I would have felt the same way as people that think Lake Michigan should be lower. Michigan really came up for me in my 20s when I spent a lot of time there. I’m a lot more fond of Lake Ontario even now than three years ago when I first did the first ranking. But they’re all great—fourth out of five is still pretty good. It’s really going to be something if the ranking ever moves, I wonder if it will.

AV: Is there anything that could push one ahead of the other? I see that there was like a Lake Superior account that was tweeting at you about the ranking and saying that it wanted to make some moves.

DW: People say to me, ‘Oh, how could you ignore the Lake Superior tweet?’ That sounds like a person pretending to be a lake. I’m a grown man, using his own name, ranking the Great Lakes. A guy pretending to be a lake, does that sound like an authority to you? Nonsense.

AV: How do you feel about people who are trying to throw in completely off-the-board picks to be included in the ranking? They seem to take the “great” name very liberally. 

DW: There’s always someone who wants to tell you that Great Slave Lake or Great Bear Lake exists, we all know that. That’s not what we’re talking about though.

AV: It’s pretty definitive. People kind of have to accept that these ones are the Great Lakes, because they’re called that. As a society, we’ve acknowledged that these ones are the Great Lakes.

DW: I was writing a song the other day with a guy from the U.K., and I was telling him about the ranking. And I said, ‘You know of the Great Lakes, right?’ And he said, ‘Of course.’ This is a guy who grew up on the Isle of Wight in the U.K., and he knew immediately. So, these are important lakes, right? He’s never heard of Great Slave Lake, let’s put it that way.

**

Well, Lake Erie, better luck next year.

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Cottage Life

Try and spot Bessie—Lake Erie’s sea monster—from these cottage rentals

Lake Erie may only be the fourth largest out of the five Great Lakes, but that certainly doesn’t diminish how impressive it is. Bordered by both Canada and the U.S., Lake Erie is approximately 388 kilometres long and reaches a depth of 64 metres. The lake is even rumoured to have its own sea monster, Bessie—Loch Ness’ Canadian cousin.

If monster hunting isn’t your thing, the Lake Erie area offers a long list of other activities and attractions, including provincial parksTurkey Point Provincial Park even has its own golf course—wineries, beaches, and tons of ways to get out on the water. If you are planning a trip to the Lake Erie area, here are some cottage rentals close to the action.

Looking for other types of cottage rentals? Book one today on our rental hub powered by VRBO.

The open concept design and generous windows of this Port Dover cottage let you start your day with a stunning view of Lake Erie. Spend your afternoon playing miniature golf at the nearby Arbortown Miniature Golf Course or taking in a show at the Lighthouse Festival Theatre.

Location: Port Dover, Ont.

Price: Averages $382 per night

Sleeps: 6

Bedrooms: 2

Notes:

  • Waterfront property
  • No pets allowed
  • Laundry on site
  • BBQ included
  • Gas fire pit available for use

Click here to book


 

A tiki bar with a view of Lake Erie, what more could you ask for? Head down to the property’s private beach and take the kayak for a spin, or tour along the waterfront with provided bicycles.

Location: Lowbanks, Ont.

Price: Averages $250 per night

Sleeps: 6

Bedrooms: 2

Notes:

  • Private beach
  • Tiki bar with fridge, juicer, and margarita maker
  • BBQ included
  • Internet included
  • Kayak and paddleboard available for use
  • Bicycles available for use

Click here to book


 

This Dunnville cottage includes its own private beach on Lake Erie and a deck that you can fish from. When night comes, settle in around the outdoor fire pit and watch the stars.

Location: Dunnville, Ont.

Price: Averages $204 per night

Sleeps: 6

Bedrooms: 2

Notes:

  • Waterfront property
  • Private beach
  • Outdoor fire pit
  • BBQ included
  • Laundry on site
  • Internet included
  • Pets welcome

Click here to book


 

Part of the Long Point Beach Resort, this cottage rental has access to a number of shared amenities, including an outdoor fire pit, BBQ, and a rooftop patio that overlooks Lake Erie. Or cross the road and head down to the resort’s private beach.

Location: Long Point, Ont.

Price: Averages $267 per night

Sleeps: 6

Bedrooms: 2

Notes:

  • Waterfront access
  • Private beach
  • Shared BBQ
  • Outdoor fire pit
  • Internet included
  • Wheelchair accessible

Click here to book


 

Perched on a hill top overlooking Little Beach, this Port Stanley cottage rental comes with its own outdoor hot tub where you can unwind after a long day exploring. If you’re looking for stuff to do during the day, hop on the Port Stanley Terminal Rail, a heritage railway that takes tourists between Port Stanley and St. Thomas.

Location: Port Stanley, Ont.

Price: Averages $225 per night

Sleeps: 2

Bedrooms: 1

Notes:

  • Water access
  • BBQ included
  • Outdoor fire pit
  • Hot tub available for use
  • No refund cancellation policy
  • No children under 12

Click here to book